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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
قانون عدالت جنایی
The English Criminal Justice Act 1991 was intended to further advance these reductionist trends.
Introduced to that penal system in the 1972 Criminal Justice Act, it was intended to allow offenders to expiate their crimes through the longstanding tradition of voluntary work.
under the Criminal Justice Act (2003) to impose 'indeterminate sentences for public protection' [IPPS] on all offenders - no longer just recidivists - who were likely to cause 'serious harm' in the future (Harrison, 2011).
However, this sanction was then extended in the Criminal Justice Act 1985 to include recidivist violent offenders, and further extended in 1993 when it was made available for first time sexual offenders.
In a reversal of the intents of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, repetition of crime, as well as the gravity of a particular crime, became a trigger for penal severity in England (day fines were also abandoned in 1993, after much public outcry, orchestrated by the tabloid press, against this 'injustice' that allowed the levels of fines to penalize the rich as much as the poor,22 and the presumptions against the imprisonment of property offenders have gone).
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